If one layer of borophene is good, will two be better? Scientists at Rice University and Northwestern University hope so, because they’ve now made the elusive material.
Borophene is a one-atom-thick material made of boron atoms, which mostly fall together in neat triangles when grown in a furnace on a proper substrate. Its high strength and excellent conductivity make it a good candidate for use in quantum electronics, energy storage and sensors.
Unlike graphene, which can be exfoliated from bulk graphite, borophene can only be synthesized. And until now, it was only possible to make it in a single layer.
But the theory group at Rice led by Boris Yakobson and experimentalists at Northwestern led by Mark Hersam have given borophene a second deck. Their success at making bilayer borophene is detailed in Nature Materials.
“This is a significant step up, because it should enhance the coveted properties of 2D borophene as well as bring about new ones,” said Yakobson, a materials physicist at Rice’s Brown School of Engineering whose lab designed and performed simulations to guide the experiments.
“Greater conductance, record-high light reflectivity, enhanced plasmon activity and an enriched phonon reservoir may result in a higher-temperature bilayer superconductor,” he said. “And of course the little ‘space’ between the layers invites intercalation with other elements, for energy storage or for creating new compounds.”
Rice graduate student and co-lead author Qiyuan Ruan said the new material can be considered an intermediate regime between single-layer borophene and its bulk form, which has a highly disorganized atomic lattice that makes it impossible to physically separate into borophene.
Borophene’s structure isn’t as regular as chicken wire-like graphene. Atoms that are periodically missing from the lattice leave hexagons that make borophene a polymorph. Because the gaps affect the material’s properties, varied vacancies on each level of a bilayer could make the material even more versatile.
None of that could be tested until now. The Northwestern lab made bilayer borophene on a silver substrate through molecular-beam epitaxy. The researchers found that once random domains of single-layer borophene covered the substrate, a second layer would begin to form atop the first, as models predicted.
Simulations showed how the layers grow in slight misalignment with the underlying silver, confirmed by microscopic images that reveal moiré patterns.
"Our collaborators at Northwestern found thicker-than-monolayer borophene but they were not able to confirm if it was a bilayer, and the atomic structure was not clear,” Ruan said. “We helped them by proposing a bilayer structure with interlayer bonds based on the symmetry information from their results. Then we used simulations to demonstrate the structure. Our images fit well with surface characterization results.”
Images of double-layered borophene showed the material is likely to maintain all of its electronic properties while offering the potential to use the space between layers for chemical or energy storage, according to the Northwestern team.
Hurdles remain in the way of borophene’s advance, primarily because it quickly oxidizes when exposed to air. Hersam’s group recently created borophane, one-atom-thick borophene combined with protective atoms that stabilize it in ambient conditions.
Xiaolong Liu and Qiucheng Li at Northwestern are co-lead authors of the paper. Matthew Rahn at Northwestern is co-author. Yakobson is the Karl F. Hasselmann Professor of Materials Science and NanoEngineering and a professor of chemistry at Rice. Hersam is the Walter P. Murphy Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at Northwestern.
The Office of Naval Research (ONR N00014-17-1-2993), the National Science Foundation (1720139), the U.S. Army Research Office (W911NF-16-1-0255) and the Robert A. Welch Foundation (C-1590) supported the research.